A Spatial Analysis of Land Cover Change and Its Impact on Carbon Stocks in Majalengka Regency, West Java, Indonesia

Sodikin; Joel Osei-Asiamah

doi:10.61100/tacit.v4i2.379

Authors

Sodikin Univesitas Terbuka
Joel Osei-Asiamah University of South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61100/tacit.v4i2.379

Keywords:

Land Cover, Carbon Stock, Google Earth Engine, Dynamic World, Remote Sensing

Abstract

This study aims to analyze land cover dynamics and carbon stock changes from 2017 to 2024 and to identify spatial patterns of carbon loss and gain. The analysis utilized Google Dynamic World—based on Sentinel-2 imagery—on the Google Earth Engine platform at a 10-meter resolution. Land cover was analyzed for the years 2017, 2021, and 2024 across eight classification categories. Temporal composites were generated using the mode method, followed by ground-truthing to verify the accuracy of the interpretation against actual field conditions. Carbon stocks were calculated based on the area of each land cover class and specific carbon stock constants, while spatial changes were determined by calculating the difference in carbon values between years at the pixel level. The results indicate that tree cover and agriculture are the dominant land cover types. The area of tree cover increased from 63,434.59 ha in 2017 to 65,114.72 ha in 2021, before declining to 60,716.49 ha in 2024. Carbon stocks rose to 11,733,128.29 tonnes of C in 2021 and subsequently fell to 11,061,552.19 tonnes of C in 2024. These findings provide a spatial basis for vegetation protection, the management of land cover changes, and the prioritization of rehabilitation efforts to support climate change mitigation in Majalengka Regency.

References

Adrian, A., Widiatmaka, W., Munibah, K., & Firmansyah, I. (2023). Pola spasial perubahan tutupan la-han/penggunaan lahan menggunakan Google Earth Engine di Kabupaten Majalengka. Jurnal Pem-bangunan Wilayah dan Kota, 19(4), 447–463. https://doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v19i4.46254

Brown, C. F., Brumby, S. P., Guzder-Williams, B., et al. (2022). Dynamic World, near real-time global 10 m land use land cover mapping. Scientific Data, 9, 251. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01307-4

Chang, X., Xing, Y., Wang, J., Yang, H., & Gong, W. (2022). Effects of land use and cover change (LUCC) on terrestrial carbon stocks in China between 2000 and 2018. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106333

Dofee, A. A., & Chand, P. (2024). Spatiotemporal dynamics of land use land cover patterns in the middle Omo-Gibe River Basin, Ethiopia: Machine learning, geospatial, and field survey integrated approach. Model-ing Earth Systems and Environment, 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-024-02185-y

Fryer, J., & Williams, I. (2021). Regional carbon stock assessment and the potential effects of land cover change.. The Science of the total environment, 775, 145815 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145815

Gitima, G., Tadesse, T., Berhanu, Y., Kassie, M., Jakubus, M., & Teshome, M. (2025). Impacts of land use and land cover changes on carbon stocks (1992–2052) using geospatial technologies in Gena district, Southwest Ethiopia. Scientific Reports, 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11558-x

Grassi, G., Conchedda, G., Federici, S., Abad Viñas, R., Korosuo, A., Melo, J., Rossi, S., Sandker, M., Somogyi, Z., Vizzarri, M., & Tubiello, F. (2022). Carbon fluxes from land 2000–2020: bringing clarity to countries' reporting. Earth System Science Data. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4643-2022

Herrmann, S., Brandt, M., Rasmussen, K., & Fensholt, R. (2020). Accelerating land cover change in West Africa over four decades as population pressure increased. Communications Earth & Environment, 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00053-y

Jiang, Y., Ouyang, B., & Yan, Z. (2024). The response of carbon storage to multi-objective land use/cover spa-tial optimization and vulnerability assessment. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062235

Kumar, L., & Mutanga, O. (2018). Google Earth Engine applications since inception: Usage, trends, and poten-tial. Remote Sensing, 10, 1509.

Kurniawati, U. F. (2021). Dampak Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Terhadap Besaran Stok Karbon di Kota Surabaya. Jurnal Penataan Ruang, 16(1), 54-58.

Mirici, M. E., & Berberoglu, S. (2024). Terrestrial carbon dynamics and economic valuation of ecosystem ser-vice for land use management in the Mediterranean region. Ecol. Informatics, 81, 102570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102570

Phiri, D., Simwanda, M., Salekin, S., Nyirenda, V., Murayama, Y., & Ranagalage, M. (2020). Sentinel-2 data for land cover/use mapping: A review. Remote Sensing, 12, 2291. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142291

Rimal, B., Sharma, R., Kunwar, R., Keshtkar, H., Stork, N., Rijal, S., Rahman, S., & Baral, H. (2019). Effects of land use and land cover change on ecosystem services in the Koshi River Basin, Eastern Ne-pal. Ecosystem Services. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100963

Sadono, R., Pujiono, E., & Lestari, L. (2020). Land cover changes and carbon storage before and after commu-nity forestry program in Bleberan village, Gunungkidul, Indonesia, 1999–2018. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 40, 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2020.1801523

Shuai, Q., Xue, J., Dai, L., Huang, Y., Jin, D., Chen, Z.-X., Li, M., Shi, Z., & Chen, S. (2024). The effects of land use change on soil organic carbon stock in China: A meta-analysis with the empirical modeling ap-proach. Geoderma Regional. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00774

Sleeter, B., Liu, J., Daniel, C., Rayfield, B., Sherba, J., Hawbaker, T., Zhu, Z., Selmants, P., & Loveland, T. (2018). Effects of contemporary land-use and land-cover change on the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in the United States. Environmental Research Letters, 13. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab540

Song, X.-P., Hansen, M. C., Stehman, S. V., Potapov, P. V., Tyukavina, A., Vermote, E. F., & Townshend, J. R. (2018). Global land change from 1982 to 2016. Nature, 560, 639–643. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0411-9

Sumarlin, D., Gusmayanti, E., & Anshari, G. Z. (2021). Analisis perubahan penggunaan lahan dan cadangan karbon sebagai indikator degradasi lingkungan di Kecamatan Sandai Kabupaten Ketapang. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 19(3), 576–581. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.19.3.576-581

Verstegen, J. A., van der Laan, C., Dekker, S. C., Faaij, A. P. C., & Santos, M. J. (2019). Recent and projected im-pacts of land use and land cover changes on carbon stocks and biodiversity in East Kalimantan, Indo-nesia. Ecological Indicators, 103, 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.053

Vliet, V. J. (2019). Direct and indirect loss of natural area from urban expansion. Nature Sustainability, 2, 755–763.

Waleed, M., Sajjad, M., & Shazil, M. S. (2024). Urbanization-led land cover change impacts terrestrial carbon storage capacity: A high-resolution remote sensing-based nation-wide assessment in Pakistan (1990–2020). Environmental Impact Assessment Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2023.107396

Qin, Z., Zhu, Y., Canadell, J., Chen, M., Li, T., Mishra, U., & Yuan, W. (2024). Global spatially explicit carbon emissions from land-use change over the past six decades (1961–2020). One Earth. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.04.002

Xu, C., Zhang, Q., Yu, Q., Wang, J., Wang, F., Qiu, S., Ai, M., & Zhao, J. (2023). Effects of land use/cover change on carbon storage between 2000 and 2040 in the Yellow River Basin, China. Ecological Indicators. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110345

Yuan, J., & Chen, J. (2024). Disproportionate contributions of land cover and changes to ecosystem functions in Kazakhstan and Mongolia. Scientific Reports, 14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72231-3

Zhao, J., Liu, S., Wang, Z., Gao, H., Feng, S., Wei, B., Hou, Z., Xiao, F., Jing, L., & Liao, X. (2023). The impact of land use and landscape pattern on ecosystem services in the Dongting Lake Region, China. Remote Sens-ing, 15, 2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092228